Kodi magulu a zodzikongoletsera odzikongoletsa

Otsatsa ndi mafupa a mafupa ndi maziko a mapangidwe osiyanasiyana odzikongoletsa, ndipo ndizofunikira kwambiri monga mawonekedwe, zokhazikika, zokhazikika, ndi khungu. Sankhani mitundu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso yoimira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya otuwa, akonzekere kuti azithana ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, yeserani mankhwala ochulukirapo monga mafayilo, komanso kuwonekera kwakukulu pakhungu. Mayeso omvera anachitika pazizindikiro, ndipo mabukuwo adafufuzidwa kuti afotokozere mwachidule ndi kufotokozera mwachidule mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya otuwa, omwe angaperekenso mawu ena opanga zodzikongoletsera.

1. Kufotokozera za Thickener

Pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati otsatsa. Kuchokera pakuwona kwa ma celecular kulemera, pali okutira otsika mtengo-otsika kwambiri komanso owathamira kwambiri; Kuchokera m'magulu ogwirira ntchito, pali ma elekitiroli, mowa, Amides, Carboxylic acids ndi esters, etc. dikirani. Otsatsa ophatikizika amatchulidwa molingana ndi njira yogawitsira zopangira zodzikongoletsera.

1. Kulemera kotsika mtengo

1.1.1

Dongosolo lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito mchere wopanda mafuta ngati wokulirapo nthawi zambiri limakhala njira yothetsera matenda osokoneza bongo. Mafuta ochulukirapo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mafuta ochulukirapo ndi sodium chloride, yomwe ili ndi kukula koonekera. Orfartstom amapanga njira yamagetsi yothetsera matenda am'madzi, ndipo kukhalapo kwa ma elekisoni kumawonjezera chiwerengero cha mayanjano, zomwe zimapangitsa kusinthika kwamitsempha yozungulira, ndikuwonjezera kukana koyenda, ndikuwonjezera mamasukidwe a dongosolo. Komabe, ma elekitorte akakhala ochulukirapo, zimakhudza misala, kuchepetsa ma vicection, ndikuchepetsa mamasukidwe a dongosolo, omwe amatchedwa "mchere" kunja. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa electrolyte komwe kumawonjezeredwa nthawi zambiri 1% -2% pogwiritsa ntchito misa, ndipo imagwirira ntchito limodzi ndi mitundu ina ya otsatsa kuti dongosolo likhale lokhazikika.

1.1.2 Mafuta a Mafuta, Mafuta Acids

Mafuta a Mafuta ndi Mafuta Otsatsa ndi polar organic zinthu. Zolemba zina zimawatengera ngati osagwirizana ogwiritsa ntchito chifukwa amakhala ndi magulu a lipophilic ndi ma hydrophilic. Kukhalapo kwa zinthu zochepa kumakhala ndi vuto lalikulu pamtundu wa omc ndi zinthu zina za zowonjezera, ndipo kukula kwa zotsatira kumachulukanso ndi utali wa kaboni. Mfundo zake zochitikira ndi mowa wamafuta ndi mafuta a acid omwe amatha kuyika (kujowina) mipembedzocreacles kuti akweze mapangidwe a mipembedzo. Mphamvu ya hydrogen yolumikizana pakati pa mitu ya polar) imapangitsa mamolekyulu awiri omwe amakonzedwa kwambiri pamtunda, womwe umasintha kwambiri miyambo ya ma mibicticles and amakwaniritsa kukula.

2. Gulu la Otsatsa

2.1 osakhala a inic suonicnts

2.1.1 inroric mchere

Sodium chloride, potaziyamu mankhwala, ammonium chloride, monoetharolamine chloride, Disodium hisorogen phosphare, enc.;

2.1.2 Mafuta A Mafuta ndi Mafuta Acids

Mowa, Myristyl Mowa, C12-15 Mowa, C12-16 Mowa, Mowa, Mowa, Mowa, Barunic Acid, Stehect Acid, Stehecy Acid, ETC.;

2.1.3 Alkanolamides

Coco Teonolamide, Coco Monooisopropanolamide Teyharolamide, kanjedza monoethalamide (polyethylene glycol) -3 Lauramide, peg-4 oleamide, peg-50 wa Tallow Amide, etc.;

2.1.4

Cemble a Polyoxyathylene (3) ether, Isocetyl Polyyothylene (10) ether, a looxy 407), etc.;

2.1.5 EREST

Peg-80 Glyceryl Waylow ester, Pec-8ppg (3p-8, 8, 8, 150) glyceryl oleate / cocoate, peg-8 dioleate, peg-7 glute glucose diolerifeti. Stearate, Peg-55 Proprey CAPAYERERER, PIG-0. Asosteate, Peg-8ppl-3 ethy etristate stearate, beesil ester, glyceryl, Glyceryl trasceryl trihcerroxxysterate, etc.;

2.1.6 Amine oxides

Myristyl amine oxide, isostearyl aminopropyl amine oxide, coconut oil aminopropyl amine oxide, wheat germ aminopropyl amine oxide, soybean aminopropyl amine oxide, PEG-3 lauryl amine oxide, etc.;

2.2 ampherotic surfactonts

CATEEEE, Coco Minosulfombieee, etc.;

2.3 Anionic Orturfantrants

Potaziyamu oleleate, potaziyamu stearate, etc.;

2.4 Ma Polity-Soults

2.4.1 Cellulose

Cellulose, cellulose chingamu, carboxymethyl hydrothyl cellulose, hydroxyprose cellouse, carboxymthyl cellulose, etc.;

2.4.2 Polyoxyothylene

Peg-n (n = 5m, 9m, 23m, 45m, 90m, 160m), etc.;

2.4.3 Polyacrylic Ad

Acrylates Acyl Acyl Acryte Groustmer, Acrylates / Cetradecy / Tetradecy / Cetradecy Ethoxyl (20) iTacnate Copsolymer, aclades / Occelane Etholymer / ma aclackl acid) (polyacryry acid) ndi mchere wake wa sodium, etc.;

2.4.4 rabara yachilengedwe komanso zinthu zomwe zidasinthidwa

Allinric acid ndi ake (ammonium, calcium, potaziyamu) mchere, petraum humum, scauden sum, sclerotin chingamu, etc.;

2.4.5 Ogwiritsa ntchito ma polima ndi zinthu zawo zosinthidwa

Magnesium aluminium slika, silika, sodium magnesium silika, Montmorial Amonium Slika, Ammonium -90 Monmorillanonite ,18 Monmorillonite ammonium -18 Hector, etc.;

2.4.6 Ena

PVM / Madediene adawoloka polymer (wopingasa polyminyl wa methyl etherl etherl etherl etherl etherl etherl etherl ether / methyl actlate ndi detadiene), pvp (polyvinyllpyrridrolidonewne), etc.;

2.5 ogwiritsa ntchito

2.5.1 Alkanolamides

Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi coconut faythalamide. Alkanolamides amagwirizana ndi ma electrolyte zokulitsa ndikupereka zotsatira zabwino. Chithandizo cha kukula kwa alkanolamides ndicho kulumikizana ndi amisicticles owonjezera kupanga madzi osakhala a Newtonian. Alkanolamides osiyanasiyana amakhala ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakuchita, ndipo zotsatira zawo zimakhalanso zosiyana mukamagwiritsa ntchito nokha kapena kuphatikiza. Zolemba zina zimafotokoza za kukula ndi thovu la ma alkanolade osiyanasiyana. Posachedwa, zanenedwa kuti alkanolamides ali ndi chiwopsezo chopanga ma natchine a carcinogenic akapangidwa kukhala zodzoladzola. Zina mwazinthu zoyipa za alkanolamides ndi ma amines aulere, omwe ali ndi magwero a nitrosines. Palibe lingaliro lalamulo kuchokera pamakampani ogwiritsira ntchito payekhapayekha kuti aletse alkanolamides mu zodzola.

2.5.2

Popanga mafuta ochulukirapo polyoxyafethylene eatheum sodium sulfate (AES) ngati chinthu chachikulu, nthawi zambiri amangogwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha mamasukidwe oyenera. Kafukufuku adawonetsa kuti izi zikuchitika chifukwa cha mowa wosasinthika wa ethoxylates mu Aes, zomwe zimathandizira kwambiri kukula kwa njira yothetsera vutoli. Kufufuza mozama komwe kwapezeka: digiri yapakatikati mwa ethoxylation ndi pafupifupi 3eo kapena 10eo kusewera bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, kukula kwamafuta am'magazi a ethoxylates kumakhudzana kwambiri ndi zogawa za uchidakwa wamtengo wapatali komanso zopangidwa ndi zopangidwa ndi zomwe zimapezeka. Kugawidwa kwa ma homelologis kuli zonse, zotsatira zakutha kwazogulitsazi sizabwino, komanso zomwe zimangoyambitsa kugawa kwa dzira, kukula kwakukulu kumatha kupezeka.

2.5.3 ESTS

Otsatsa ambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi esster. Posachedwa, Peg-8ppg-3 Diisostearate, Peg-90 Diisosteate ndi Peg-8pp-3 dilaute adanenedwa kunja. Mtundu wamtunduwu ndi wa Ionic Trickener, makamaka ogwiritsidwa ntchito mu zochulukirapo zam'madzi. Otsatsa awa sakhala ndi hydrolyzid mosavuta ndipo amakhala ndi maulendo okhazikika pa pH ndi kutentha. Pakadali pano zogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi peg-150. Zowonjezera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zokulirapo zimakhala ndi zolemera zambiri, motero ali ndi zina zokhala ndi polymer. Chithandizo cha kukula chimachitika chifukwa cha mapangidwe a netiweki katatu mu gawo lamadzi, potero amaphatikiza mikala zosafunikira. Zoterezi zimachita ngati emreallents ndi wowotcha kuwonjezera pa kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo ngati owerenga odzikongoletsera.

2.5.4 Amine oxides

Amine oxide ndi mtundu wa polar sunic suticticticnt, yomwe imadziwika ndi njira yothetsera phindu, chifukwa chosinthana ndi katundu wa pH, ndipo amathanso kuwonetsa mphamvu ya Ionic. Pansi pa osalowerera ndale kapena alkaline, ndiye kuti, pomwe pH ili yayikulu kuposa kapena yofanana ndi 7, amine oxiudi yopanda njira yothetsera magazini, kuwonetsa kuti kusakhala ndi vuto lokhalapo. Mu acidic yankho, zimawoneka zofooka. Pamene Ph wa yankholi ndi wochepera 3, chiphunzitso cha Amine oxide ndi chodziwikiratu, motero chimatha kuyesetsa bwino ndi matchulidwe, anionic, osagwirizana ndi Zwitteric Zogwiritsa Ntchito Zosiyanasiyana. Kugwirizana bwino ndi kuwonetsa zotsatira za synergist. Amine oxide ndi wothandiza kwambiri. Pamene pH ndi 6.4-7.5, alkyl Dimethyl Amine Opply Inclecle Amisopyl Imiepropyl a Amimethyl Amisopy

2.5.5 Ena

Ma vataine angapo ndi sopo amathanso kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati otsatsa. Makina awo okulirapo ndi ofanana ndi a mamolekyulu ena ang'onoang'ono, ndipo onse amakwaniritsa mphamvu zokulirapo polumikizana ndi mikala. Sopo imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokulitsa ndodo zodzikongoletsera, ndipo betaine imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mu makonda a surfactont madzi.

2.6 Madzi osungunuka madzi osungunuka

Makina ophatikizidwa ndi oplymeric ambiri a polymeric sakhudzidwa ndi PH ya yankho kapena ndende ya electrolyte. Kuphatikiza apo, ma Trioli otuwa amafunika kuchuluka kochepa kuti akwaniritse mawonekedwe ofunikira. Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala amafunikira kukula kwamphamvu monga mafuta a kokonati a Tectolamide ndi gawo la 3.0%. Kukwaniritsa zotsatira zomwezi, fiber 0,5% ya polymer yowoneka bwino. Mafuta ambiri osungunuka amadzi sangogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati okutira muzodzikongoletsera zodzikongoletsera, komanso amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kuyimilira ogulitsa, osamwa ndi othandizira.

2.6.1 cellulose

Cellulose ndi chothandiza kwambiri pamakina opangidwa ndi madzi ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana yodzikongoletsera. Cellulose ndi chinthu chachilengedwe, chomwe chili ndi ma uniti obwereza a glucoside, ndipo unit iliyonse ya glucoside ili ndi magulu atatu a hydroxyl, omwe ndi otumphuka osiyanasiyana angapangidwe. Makumi otsitsimula a celluulosic amakulirakulira, ndipo dongosolo lodzaza ndi cellulose limawonetsa zoonetsa kuti mwachangu mofulogy. Kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi 1%.

2.6.2 Polyacrylic ad

Pali njira ziwiri zokulirapo za polyacrylic acid mabatani, osalowerera mwatsopano ndikukula kwa hydrogen. Kusalowerera ndi kukula kwake ndikusintha ma acidic acidic acid acid kuti azindikire mamolekyulu ake ndikupanga zolipiritsa zoyipa za polymer yayikulu. Kunyadana pakati pa milandu yomwe inkagonananso kumalimbikitsa mamolekyulu kuti awongolere ndi kutseguka kuti apange netiweki. Kapangidwe kake kamakwaniritsa mphamvu; Hydrogen Kumata za haidgen ndikuti ma polyacrylic acid ndi madzi ophatikizidwa ndi ma molekyulu opindika) ophatikizika kukula. Miyezo yosiyanasiyana ya p Mtengo wa PH ndi wocheperako 5, mafayilo amawonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa mtengo wa pH; Mtengo wa pH ndi 5-10, mafalo akufafaniza osasinthika; Koma monga mtengo wa PH ikupitilira kukula, kunenepa kumachepa. Misinkhu ya monovalevalent imangochepetsa mphamvu ya dongosololi, pomwe ma ngulele kapena okondana satha kuyanitsa madzi okha, komanso amapanga zokometseratu zowonjezera zikakhala zokwanira.

2.6.3 rabara yachilengedwe komanso zinthu zomwe zidasinthidwa

Chilengedwe cha chilengedwe makamaka chimaphatikizapo collagen ndi ma polysaccharides, koma chilengedwe chachilengedwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chotsirizika makamaka polysaccharides. Makina okumbika ndikupanga mawonekedwe a mitundu itatu ya hydration kudzera m'magulu atatu a hydroxyl mu gawo la polysacchacdide ndi mamolekyulu amadzi, kuti akwaniritse zotsatira za kukula. Mitundu ya rhelogical ya mayankho awo am'madzi nthawi zambiri sikuti amadzimadzi okha, koma zosintha zina za kuchepetsedwa ndi madzi a Newtonian. Zotsatira zawo za kukula nthawi zambiri zimakhudzana ndi mtengo wa pH, kutentha, kukhazikika ndi zina zosungunulira. Ichi ndi chothandiza kwambiri, ndipo kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa 0,1% -1.0%.

2.6.4 ogwiritsa ntchito ma polima ndi zinthu zawo zosinthidwa

Matumba a inlic amakula amatha kukhala ndi kapangidwe katatu kapena kapangidwe kambiri. Mitundu iwiri yothandiza kwambiri ndi Monmorillonite ndi Hector. Chithandizo cha kukula ndichakuti pamene wogwiritsa ntchito amamwa madzi, zitsulo zitsulo mkati mwake zimasokoneza chofewa, chifukwa pamapeto pake makhiristo a anionic amalekanitsidwa ndi Anionic makristal makristal makristal. ndi zitsulo zachitsulo mu mawonekedwe owonekera a colloidal. Pankhaniyi, olumala amakhala ndi vuto lalikulu komanso ndalama zochepa pamakona anu chifukwa cha zotupa za lattice. Munjira yochepetsera, zolipiritsa zopweteka padziko lapansi ndizambiri kuposa zomwe timeza zimayimirana, ndipo sizidzachitikanso. Ndi kuwonjezera ndi kukhazikika kwa electrolyte, kupsinjika kwa ma ion pothetsa kumawonjezeka ndikuwongolera kwa lamellae kumachepa. Pakadali pano, kulumikizana kumasintha kuchokera ku mphamvu yovomerezeka pakati pa lamellae ku mphamvu yokongoletsera pakati pa makona a lamellae ndi mawonekedwe a "ndolo yofananira kukwaniritsa. Kuchulukitsa kukwaniritsa bwino. Kuchulukitsa ku ion ndende idzawononga kapangidwe