Hemc (hydroxyethyl methl celyose) ndi mankhwala ofunika kwambiri a ether ogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pomanga, mankhwala, chakudya ndi minda ina. Popanga, pali zinthu zambiri zofunika kuzilingalira kuti zitsimikizire kuti malonda ndi luso lopanga.
1. Kusankhidwa ndikukonzekera zopangira
1.1 cellulose
Zopangira zazikulu za hemc ndi cellulose yachilengedwe, nthawi zambiri kuchokera ku mitengo yamitengo kapena thonje. Zopangira zapamwamba kwambiri za celluse zomwe zimawonetsera mtundu womaliza. Chifukwa chake, chiyero, kulemera kwa matoko ndi gwero la zinthu zopangira ndizofunikira.
Maulamuliro: Chuma Chachikulu-choyera muyenera kusankhidwa kuti muchepetse zovuta pazoyipa.
Kulemera kwa maselo: cellulose ya zolemera zosiyanasiyana kumakhudza kusungunuka ndi ntchito ya hemc.
Gwero: Gwero la cellulose (monga mtengo zamkati, thonje) amasankha kapangidwe kake ndi kuyera kwa ma cellulose.
1.2 sodium hydroxide (Naoh)
Sodium hydroxide imagwiritsidwa ntchito pakukwanira kwa cellulose. Ziyenera kukhala ndi chiyero chokwanira ndipo ndende yake iyenera kulamuliridwa mosamalitsa kuonetsetsa kuti pali kufanana kwake.
1.3 ethylene oxide
Mtundu ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa ma oxide oxide mwachindunji kwa ethoxtylation. Kuwongolera zoyera zake ndi zomwe zimachitika zimathandizira kupeza digiri yofunikira komanso ntchito yamalonda.
1.4 methyl chloride
Methylation ndi gawo lofunikira pakupanga hemc. Kuyera ndi Kuchita Zinthu za Methyl Chiloride kumakhudza mwachindunji pamlingo wa methyty.
2. Kupanga njira zopangira magawo
2.1 Chithandizo cha Alkishizetion
Chithandizo cha alkirization cha cellulose chomwe chimakhudzana ndi cellulose kudzera m'magulu a hydroxyl moleculation kwambiri ndi methylation.
Kutentha nthawi zambiri kumachitika kutentha kotsika kuti mupewe kuwonongeka kwa cellulose.
Nthawi: Nthawi ya ma alkisala imafunikira kulamulidwa kuti zitsimikizidwe kuti zotsatira zake zimakhala zokwanira koma zosachulukirapo.
2.2 ethoxyty
Ethoxylation imanena za zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi cellulose yoyamwa ndi ethylene oxide kuti apange etholuluse.
Kutentha ndi kupanikizika: Kutentha kwa kutentha ndi kukakamizidwa kumafunikira kuwongolera mosamalitsa kuonetsetsa kuti pali kufanana kwa ethoxtylation.
Nthawi Yochita: Nthawi yayitali kwambiri kapena yochepa kwambiri nthawi idzakhudza mulingo wazolowa m'malo mwake.
2.3 methylation
Methylation wa cellulose ndi methyl chloride mitundu memoxy-opatsirana cellulose zotumphukira.
Zochitika: kuphatikizapo kutentha kwa magawali, kukakamizidwa, nthawi yakale, ndi zina zambiri, zonse zimayenera kuthandizidwa.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Chothandizira: Matatalysts angagwiritsidwe ntchito kusintha momwe mukugwirira ntchito.
2.4 kulowererapo ndi kuchapa
Cellulose pambuyo pa zomwe zichitike zimafunikira kuti zithetse zotsalira za alkali ndikutsukidwa kwathunthu kuti muchotse zolipiritsa komanso zopangidwa ndi zinthu.
Kutsuka sing'anga: Madzi kapena mphambu ophatikizika nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Nthawi Zosambitsa ndi Njira: Ziyenera kusinthidwa kuti zikufunika kuonetsetsa kuchotsedwa.
2.5 Kuyanika ndi kuphwanya
Cellulose otsukidwa ayenera kuwuma ndikuphwanyidwa mpaka kuphatikizidwa kwa tinthu tomwe timagwiritsa ntchito.
Kuyanika Kutentha ndi Nthawi: Muyenera kukhala osamala kuti mupewe kuwonongeka kwa cellulose.
Kuchepetsa kukula kwa tinthu: kuyenera kusinthidwa mogwirizana ndi zofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito.
3. Kuwongolera
3.1 digiri yothandizira
Kuchita kwa hemc kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi digiri ya zolowetsa (DS) ndi kusiyanasiyana. Ikufunika kupezeka ndi magilear maginito a nyukiliya (NMR), infrared spectroscopy (IR) ndi matekinoloje ena.
3.2 kususuka
Kusungunuka kwa hemc ndi gawo lofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito kwake. Kuyesedwa kofananira kuyenera kuchitidwa kuonetsetsa kuti akusungunuka ndi ufa wa magwiridwe antchito.
3.3 mafayilo
Makulidwe a hemc amakhudza mwachindunji magwiridwe ake pazomaliza. Makulidwe a malonda amayezedwa ndi wotchire wozungulira kapena woyenda pamapilala.
3.4 oyera ndi otsalira
Zotsalira zotsalira komanso zosayera zomwe zimapangidwazo zimakhudza ntchito yake ndikufunika kupezeka mosamala ndikuwongoleredwa.
4. Kusamalira zachilengedwe ndi chitetezo
4.1 chithandizo chamadzi
Madzi a zinyalala omwe amapangidwa panthawi yopanga kupanga amafunika kuthandizidwa kuti akwaniritse zofunika kuteteza zachilengedwe.
Kulowerera: Acid ndi Alkalinel Alkalin amafunika kulowerera.
Kuchotsa nkhani: Gwiritsani ntchito njira zachilengedwe kapena zamankhwala pochiza zinthu zachilengedwe mu madzi.
4.2 mpweya
Magesi omwe amapangidwa nthawi yomwe achita (monga ethylene oxide ndi methyl chloride) ayenera kusonkhanitsidwa ndikuwathandizira kupewa kuipitsa.
Mafuta otchera: Mipweya yoyipa imagwidwa komanso yosasinthika ndi zotayira.
Kusefera: Gwiritsani ntchito zosefera kwambiri kuti muchotse tinthu tating'onoting'ono.
4.3 Chitetezo cha chitetezo
Mankhwala owopsa amakhudzidwa pamavuto azachitetezo, ndipo njira zoyenera chitetezo zimafunikira kutengedwa.
Zida zoteteza
Mpweya wabwino: onetsetsani mpweya wabwino woyenera kuchotsa mpweya wovulaza.
4.4 Kutsindika
Chepetsani kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zowononga ndi zinyalala zotayika ndikusintha mphamvu yopanga makonzedwe ndi kukonza zokha.
5. Zinthu zachuma
5.1 Mtengo Wonse
Zida zopangira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zazikuluzikulu zamtengo wapatali popanga. Ndalama zopanga zimatha kuchepetsedwa posankha othandizira oyenera ndikukhazikitsa magetsi kumwa.
5.2 Zofunikira pamsika
Kupanga pang'ono ndi kuphatikizika kuyenera kusinthidwa malinga ndi kufunikira kwa msika kuti mutsimikizire phindu lachuma.
5.3 Kusanthula Kupikisana
Chitani mpikisano wamtundu wa msika pafupipafupi, sinthani zogulitsa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira, ndipo timalimbikitsa mpikisano msika.
6. Kupanga Mwaluso
6.1 Chatsopano Chatsopano
Pitilizani mwachangu ndikutengera njira zatsopano kuti musinthe bwino malonda ndi luso. Mwachitsanzo, khalani ndi othandizira atsopano kapena zochitika zina.
6.2 Kusintha Zinthu
Sinthani ndikusintha zinthu potengera mayankho a makasitomala ndi kufunsa kwa msika, monga kukonza hemc ndi madigiri osiyanasiyana a kulowetsedwa.
6.3 OGWIRA NTCHITO
Mwa kudziwitsa makina owongolera owongolera, kuwongolera komanso kusasinthasintha kwa kapangidwe kake katha kukhala bwino komanso zolakwa za anthu zitha kuchepetsedwa.
7. Malamulo ndi miyezo
7.1 miyezo yazogulitsa
The hemc adapanga zofunikira pazinthu zofunikira zamakampani ndi zofunikira, monga muyezo wa ISO, monga momwe zimakhalira, ndi zina zambiri, etc.
7.2 malamulo azachilengedwe
Njira yopanga imafunikira kutsatira malamulo am'deralo, kuchepetsa kuchotsedwa kwa chilengedwe, ndikuteteza chilengedwe.
7.3 Malamulo otetezeka
Njira yopanga imafunikira kutsatira malamulo opangira chitetezo kuti atsimikizire kuti ali ndi chitetezo komanso kudalirika kwa fakitale.
Kupanga kwa hemc ndi njira yovuta komanso yovuta kwambiri. Kuchokera ku zosankha za raw, magwiridwe antchito am'mimba, kuwongolera kwa chitetezo, kasamalidwe ka chitetezo kwa chilengedwe kwa kusankhana kwaukadaulo, kulumikizana kulikonse ndikofunikira. Kudzera m'magulu oyenera komanso kusintha kosalekeza, zotheka zopanga ndi mtundu wa hemc zitha kukhala bwino kuti mukwaniritse zofunika pamsika.
Post Nthawi: Feb-17-2025